The+World+Shrinks-+The+Global+Economy

Triggers for Change:

Large Scale Changes- Continuities: Impact on Daily Life : Work
 * Revival of Imperialism - Ex the Ottoman Turks who conquered Constantinople and many other Byzantine territories
 * Steady Exploration (by Europeans) along the atlantic Coast of Africa in search of some way to circumvent Turkish power
 * Increase of international trade, especially including the Americas.
 * Biological/Environmental exhange- Foods from the Americas, ie Corn and Potatoes began growing in Asia. Also spread of disease from around the world.
 * Gunpowder Empires formed large political units which challenged political traditions in newly conquered territories.
 * Global contacts did not overshadow regional cultural norms- Many societies preserved key features from the past.
 * No systematic changes occured in gender roles
 * Some new military technology, but no true breakthroughs until 1750. Little change took place in agriculture and manufacturing techniques,
 * Many societies attempted to preserve their former political systems in the age of empires. Ex- Many African societies preserved earlier tradition of divine kinship
 * Indians and other Natives died by the thousands as Europeans brought in new diseases.
 * The most general social change during this period was the drive to work harder.
 * Child labor increased in many regions, and the African slave trade first began to grow, especially under the emphasis of increased production to deal with new global supply and demand economics.

"Causation and the West's Expansion" pg 354 Q's.

1. If I had to choose a basic social determinism as a basis to social change, I would pick technological because superiority through technological advancement would allow a society to dominate on a much larger scale. Of course, the secrets to the technologies would have to be closely guarded so that the conquered people would not be able to use it to their advantage, but a society driven by technological advancement is the most likely to be able to overwhelm other societies in military strength and allow them to expand easily while defending without much opposition. 2. The professed motives of european explorers would differ from their actual motived due to their own personal history and human nature in general. HUmans in general aren't stisfied with what they have, so explorers could be looking to discover new lands for the fame and glory back in their home country.For example, with the East India Trading company.The only reason the colonies in America were founded were for the pursuit of money and economic monopoly of their chosen trade routes.They would've been aware of these discrepancies and attempted to make themselves seem noble and patriotic via a false Persona.

pgs 350-359 Notes:

New Technology- Key to Power Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack: North European Expeditions: THe Columbian exchange of disease and food: International INequalities Notes- Colonial Expansion to End of Chapter Loosely controlled American Colonies- British and French Colonies: North America and Western Civilization African and Asian Trade: Impacts on Western Europe:
 * round hulled ships capable of carrying heavier armaments
 * Improved compasses, cartography and other navigational equipment
 * European metalwork, combined with chinese explosives provided new, more destructive weapons which also provided an intimidation factor.
 * A portuguese prince, King Henry the Navigator organized a series of expeditions along the coast of Africa, eventually leading to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope.
 * When European sailors finally managed to connect with the Indian trade routes, they had very only crude items such as iron pots to offer.They quickly substituted violence when they realized that they weren't worth trading with, outside their gold. EX- Vasco Da Gama used his guns to intimidate other sailors, and captured/tortured Indian traders to set an example.The first to actually reach asia by sailing around africa was Ferdinand Magellan(1519)
 * Only a short time after the portuguese began, Spain expanded with even greater force.1492, the same year the Muslims were permanently expelled from spain, Christopher Columbus set sail for a westward route to INdia, though he obviously failed, mistaking the Natives in the americas for "Indian".
 * As Spain and Portugal tried to process their new gains in territory, Britain and France began expanding. In a historic battle in 1588 the British destroyed the Spanish Armada, establishing themselves as the dominant sea power at the time, and vying with france, and the Netherlands for colonies.
 * Economic gain became a major motivational factor for expansion.The Netherlands, Britain, and France all created great trading companies, which posessed monopoly in the area of trade which it had been designated.These companies often acted as indpendant governments, raising armies and establishing great commercial fortunes without much intervention from their sovereign states.
 * Afro-Eurasian diseases auch as smallpox and measles were transferred to native americans, who had no natural immunity. Thus, thousands died. Occasionally, up to 80% of an entire island's population would fall victim to these diseases.This greatly weakened the strength of Native American civilization over a 150 year period.
 * Now, up to 30% of all food consumed around the world is based on crops which have american origin.However, food spread relatively slowly, and it was believed that American foods carried diseases, were not safe to eat because they were not mentioned in the bible etc... Though eventually,French fried potatoes became popular in the 1680s.
 * Animal Husbandry was also popular, as horses and cattle were introduced to the New world.
 * Coercive labor systems spread, and dependant global economies required cheap production of goods to make a profit.
 * For many Natives and Mestizos, estate agriculture was the only answer, as the peasants did not have the legal independance to leave.
 * Many African princes and slaveholders could become wealthy, though they tended to import european goods, rather than using slave labor.
 * Opportunities to establish colonies were particularly inviting in the Americas, as European guns, horses, and iron weapons offered special advantages, and the political disarray and population decimation.
 * The first colony to be established was Panama, under Vasco de Balboa. Expansion resulted from the efforts of violent and treacherous adventurers, such as Francisco Pizzaro, eventually joining with Balboa in Panama, he recieved a cattle ranch.Then he took the INca emperor prisoner and killed him after his people paid ransom.Using the King of Spain's support, he became the governor of the new province.
 * Colonial leaders only established loose controls, sometimes only taxing the natives, but leaving their local governments in place. Gradually however, more formal administration spread as agriculture settlements were established.
 * Many English colonies along the atlantic recieved religious refugees such as the Calvinists who fled tensions in britain to settle in New England.
 * New York originally began as a dutch settlement, however the English took it over in 1664.
 * In Canada, the 1st substantial settlement was launched by Louis the 14th.French peasants were urged to immigrate, and due to high birth rates, New France had about 55,000 settlers that proved durable as it expanded around the fortress of Quebec.
 * Britain attacked many French strongholds, as a part of the colonial dispute known as the 7 year war.France lost the majority of it's colonies in the Treaty of Paris, but eagerly regained it's West Indian islands, and trading posts in Africa.
 * Most white settlers attempted to transplant Western habits and society into their new surroundings, For example, American families were able to marry slightly earlier than West Europeans because of the great abundance of land.
 * However, like European society, Colonists placed great importance on the nuclear family unit, though they were very concerned with the safety of their children, being that they were useful for child labor. As such (growing importance of children), children were allowed more freedoms, such as the ability to speak out in public.
 * Even during rebellion, the American colonies moved in the name of western ideals and goals, rather than the British self-interest forcing their dependancy.
 * While many europeans were deterred by the climate, unnavigable rivers, and diseases which were so rampant in Africa, There were 2 main excepetions (europeans who tried to explore the interior). The Portuguese expeditions to Angola in search of Slaves, and the Dutch establishment of the Cape Colony on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.
 * Some dutch farmers called BOers began to fan out on large farms, which eventually came into conflict with the native Bantu farmers, leading to a lasting and bloody war for control of south Africa.
 * However, the British had the advantage when colonizing Asia.For one, they had gained local approval with Indian princes to build an outpost at Calcutta, which opened trade routes to the ganges river.Next, through the birtish's military power these trading outposts were exceedingly well informed and had great importance to the British government.
 * French-British rivalry raged bitterly throughout the 18th century, with both sides recruiting native Indians as allies. Eventually, the french power in India was destroyted after Britain used the capture as calcutta to rally their army and capture numerous french and INdian lands.
 * Colonial rivalries and wars added to the tensions between sovereign nations. For example, England and Holland became embittered towards the Spanish success
 * Importance of imported crops, such as colonially made sugar (Ex Columbian Exchange) Also promoted growth of medicine, especially dentistry.
 * MAny Europeans turned to jobs in manufacture as many agricultural jobs were being taken by slaves.THis provided additional revenues for the growing governments, and increased variety of exports in trade.