Nationalism,+Industrialism+and+Imperialism

Homework 1.1 (Complete exercises 1-6 from Class Wikispace)

1.1a- Complete W^5 Analysis of "Treaty of Westphalia"

Who: Between the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the King of France (and their respective allies) What: A collection of Treaties (Collectively called the Peace of "Westphalia") When: 1648 Where: Munster, Osnabruck, Westphalia (In what is now Germany) Why:Directed at ending the 30 Years War and the supremacy of the HRE and establishing France as the dominant power

1.1b- Define Nationalism + Notes

Loyalty to a country or ethnic group relating to the imaginary perception of that ethnic group's social norms.Usually characterized by the belief that the nation in question is superior to all others, and the deifaction of national symbols.IE, the establishment of, and loyalty to an autonomous national culture.

Unification of Italy- After the Downfall of Napoleon in 1815, Austria divided Italy back into regional kingdoms, with the old autocratic families enacting old oppressive policies.However, in the wake of the Renaissance, this provided the impetus with which democratic and nationalistic ideals began to develop amon the people.Due to strict censorship laws, numerous secret societies began to form all over italy under multiple social classes, with the purpose of uniting the country, most prominently the "Carbonari" or Charcoal Sellers.While Italy was not united until much later, the Carbonari Mazzini is considered to be the father of Italian Nationalism, as he united the other fathers of revolution (Garibaldi, Cavour, Emmanuel) and strived his entire life towards a unified and independant Italy, free from Austrian abuse. Unification of Germany- WHen Napoleon I attacked Germany, he set up the basis of revolution by uniting some of the fragmented germanic states into the Rhine Confederation.Later, the emperor of the largest city-state Prussia set up a nationalist constitution for the people of germany, leading to a long series of conflicts between the two relating to German nationalism and unification. As a result, Austria was greatly weakened, and Otto Von-Bismarck safeguarded the formation of Germany using Prussian power to become the emperor of Germany. In order to accomplish this, three wars were waged between Prussia and the FAD alliance.(France, Austria, Denmark). Zionism-[|**Zionism**], the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, advocated, from its inception, tangible as well as spiritual aims. Jews of all persuasions, left and right, [|religious] and secular, joined to form the Zionist movement and worked together toward these goals. Disagreements led to rifts, but ultimately, the common goal of a [|Jewish state] in its ancient homeland was attained. ([]) Brazilian Independance- In 1789 elites in the captaincy of Minas Gerais revolted, protesting the reassertion of imperial control and the imposition of new taxes. An early sign of Brazilian nationalism, the Minas Conspiracy involved prominent figures as well as military officers. The revolt failed and royal courts sentenced most of the conspirators to prison or exile. The only nonaristocratic member of the conspiracy, a military officer by the name of Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier, became the scapegoat. Best known by his nickname, Tiradentes (Toothpuller)—one of his many professions was dentistry—he was hanged in 1793 and became a martyr for the cause of Brazilian independence.After Napoleon's takeover of the vast majority of europe Portugal’s prince regent, the future King John VI, arrived in Brazil in early 1808 and for the next 13 years ruled Portugal’s Asian, African, and American colonies from Rio de Janeiro. In 1815 John VI elevated Brazil to the status of a kingdom, placing it on an equal footing with Portugal. The presence of the monarchy and court in Rio brought Brazilian and Portuguese elites together and paved the way for a gradual transition to independence. By 1815 Napoleon had been defeated in Europe, opening the way for the monarchy to return to Lisbon. John VI, however, decided to remain in Brazil, but in 1820 the Portuguese army headed a revolution designed to bring about a constitutional government. The revolutionaries agreed that John VI would serve as constitutional monarch of the empire, but only on the condition that he return to Portugal. Threatened with the loss of his crown, John reluctantly left for Portugal in 1821. His 23-year-old son Pedro remained in the colony as prince regent of Brazil. Pedro and his advisers realized that revolutions in other Latin American countries were encouraging a movement for national independence in Brazil. A new and aggressive Cortes (parliament) in Portugal contributed to the demand for independence through a series of inept actions that offended many influential Brazilians. Portuguese members of the Cortes showed open hostility toward the Brazilian representatives, whom they regarded as unsophisticated residents of a backward province, even attempting to restore Brazil to colonial status. Rather than trying to resist the growing momentum for independence, Pedro and his advisers decided to take control of this movement. On September 7, 1822, after receiving orders from the Portuguese Cortes curtailing his authority in Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil’s independence. Thus Brazil became one of the few Latin American colonies to make a peaceful transition to independence. However, Pedro was deposed soon after, as he was a descendant of Portuguese roalty, and could never truly gain Brazilian support due to his heritage. ([]) Argentine Independace- ([]) From 1810 to 1818 the **Argentine** **War** of **Independence** was fought by the **Argentine** patriotic forces. These forces, which were led by several people, including Manuel Belgrano and Jose de San Martin, fought against the royalist forces, which were associated with Spain. Modern day Argentina was once a territory under the rule of the Spanish Viceroyalty. As part of its rule over Argentina, the Spanish crown ruled that the Argentinians could only trade with Spain. This obviously did not sit well with the Argentinians, who began illegally trading with other nations.

The Argentinians set up their First Junta in Buenos Aires in 1810 after hearing that Spain was falling further and further under Napoleonic rule. This First Junta eventually expanded to include several other areas in Argentina and became known as the Big Junta, or Junta Grande. These juntas were outwardly loyal to the Spanish crown, but refused to have a viceroy in power. Instead, they elected their own officials to lead them. The establishment of the Big Junta was the first official move in the **Argentine** **War** of **Independence**.

Officials of the Big Junta tried to garner more support for creating an independent Argentina, but the territory was overcome by internal conflict and was unable to band together. Eventually, after replacing the Big Junta with a triumvirate and then a single person leadership, the Argentinians were able to organize and fight against the royalist forces. In 1816, representatives from various Argentinian provinces joined together to form the Congress of Tucuman in order to plan for an independent Argentina. This was an urgent assembly in response to King Ferdinand VII being restored to his throne in Spain. This congress declared Argentina to be an independent nation and the royalists officially declared defeat in 1818. Balkan Nationalism- As Turkey was weak, the Balkan Kingdoms (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro) decided to attack her, with the aim of distributing its parts among themselves. They (Balkan Kingdoms) had made a pact among themselves to distribute the spoils of Macedonia. Accordingly, they waged a war against Turkey and defeated it. Serbia and Montenegro captured Albania and reached Constantinople. The unjust demands of the victors made Turkey wage another war with the Balkans, but to no avail. She lost it again. She was now forced to accept the terms of the victors. A Treaty was signed in London (1913). According to this London Treaty, nearly all the territories of Turkey were lost to the Balkans.

Now the Balkan Peninsula kingdoms fought among themselves on the question of the distribution of Macedonia. In this war, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Romania took up arms against Bulgaria. As it was difficult for Bulgaria to face the strong armies of these kingdoms, she made peace with them.

Turkey suffered immense loss of men and territorial possessions as a result of these wars. Greece, Romania and Serbia acquired the territorial gains. Bulgaria was humiliated by its defeat in war.Turkey helped Romania, Serbia and Greece against Bulgaria. It also enhanced the hostilities between the two, but the Treaty of Constantinople made peace between them.The Peninsula of Balkan is said to be the Volcano of Europe. As far as Europe was concerned, it remained constantly endangered by the conflicts of these kingdoms. The interests of the European rulers clashed with one another for the Balkan Peninsula. The Great War of 1914 was fought as a direct result of the Balkan wars. Monroe Doctrine- In December 1823, in a message to Congress, Monroe set forth the following principles, which would later become known as the Monroe Doctrine: This became a symbol of American nationalism as it was a major bluff which managed to hold off European advances.(The US Army was disturbingly small at this time, and would not become strong enough to compete on an international level until later in the 19th century.)
 * The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization
 * The political system of the Americas was different from Europe
 * The United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security
 * The United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere

1.1c- Summarize effects of Nationalism Nationalism, or the strong identification of a group of individuals with a national identity and culture, usually stemming from the belief of the nation's superiority greatly shaped the process of global imperial expansion in the late 18th-19th centuries. 1.1d- Which Data is the most important, (IYOW), and cumulatively, what does this Data tell us. THe World Trade increase is the most important statistic as it can be used as a basis to explain the other data. AN increase in trade would therefore increase the average amount of goods produced (as can be seen through the iron production chart), and also the increase of trade and exchange of ideas could lead to an increase in medical technology and population increase. This data tells us that the new Industrial revolution resulted in overall stimulation and improvement of the quality of life, ranging from economic success to increases of life expectancy, to increased trade and interdependance in the global economy.
 * Throughout the age of Imperialism, nations such as Spain, Britain, and France and other dveeloped nations, took nationalism as a basis for imperialism and colonization.
 * However, In contrast, American nationalism entailed defense against european interference(in return for no American interference in Europe), as can be seen from the Monroe Doctrine.
 * In conquered areas (Both in Europe and the Americas alike), this was generally associated with freedom from imperialist nations and revolution against the colonial system.

1.1e- Explain the Origins and major effects of the Industrial Revolution

Origin: In Britain in the late 18th century, The Industrial revolution was a massive development in communication, transport, and production.Rooted in the ever-growing world trade,the IR came about by the harnessing of new methods of power, including steam, coal, and iron contraptions.

Results:
 * INcreased speed and mobility redefining the nature of manual labor, allowing for mass production of important products for purposes of trading, and general wealth increase.
 * Move production from the home into the factory, leading to rise of urbanization, and redefined traditional gender roles, while giving workers no control over their own working conditions.
 * Government began taking new responsiblities, including regulation of industry and workers conditions. In places where this failed, this caused unionization and organization among workers.

1.2a - Explain the data, and it's importance.



This map shows the british empire as of the 1920s, demonstrating the extent to which imperialist nations dominated the world.According to the data, Empires generally controlled more land area and population than had representation or were accounted as important in the imperial societies. Also, imperialism mainly became popular in european nations.

1.2b-Define Imperialism: The expansion of a nation beyond it's borders, based on domination and subordination of native nations, with the purpose of forming and maintaining an unequal economic, cultural, and political relationship over subordinated peoples. IE, an empire.

1.2c- What were the motivations for Imperialism? Nationalism/Cultural Incentive- had a major part in motivating imperialist efforts, being that Nationalism accompanies the idea that the sovereign nation (doing the conquering) is superior to the conquered people(and thus, deserve to be in control). Industrialism/Economic Incentive- Following the Age of colonization, the growing global economy demanded increased trade(as brought on by Industrialism, for the purposes of transportation and refinement of earlier products) for purposes of competition, so this could have spurred expansionist tendencies for the prposes of collecting resources. Self-Interest: The main reason behind imperialism in Britain was simply for the purposes of posession of increased territory for the purposes of competition with other empires which were being built at the time.

1.2d- Define the following Terms:

British East India Company- A trading company chartered by the british government with the purpose of establishing internaional trading policies.However, as it grew, it became increasingly important to British politics, and began to hold significant sway. Sepoys- Indian soldiers which British insurgents relied upon, recruiting soldiers from across the continent (a technique originating in French Colonialism). British Raj- The British political detachment in India Partition of Africa/Berlin Conference- Settlement Colonies-A secondary type of colony, with different patterns of fighting between European occupation and Native Response. White Dominions- One pattern as was expressed in colonies such as can be seen in Canada and Australia, i which the white population was the majority, and native population had been decimated by disease and war. Cecil Rhodes- ([]) C ecil Rhodes, born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. A "Cape to Cairo" railroad that would "Paint the Map Red" was his dream for Africa, along with a reconciliation of the Boers and British under the British flag and a recovery of the American colonies for the British empire. As prime minister of the Colony of South Africa, he tried to achieve these dreams. Although successful in some regards, he ended up with many personal and political disappointments in his later years. Captain James Cook- N avigator and explorer of the Pacific and Antarctic, born in 1728 in Yorkshire, England. From an early age Cook had an uncanny command of mathematics. Around the age of seventeen he applied for a job on a collier (coal transport ship) and learned his trade on runs from Newcastle to London and into the Baltic and North Seas. He joined the Royal Navy in 1755 at the age of 27. His extraordinary skills at navigation and cartography soon gained him a promotion ( [] )

1.1e Complete/Takes notes using this chart.

Lead to the Boer War-> harsh treatment of Boer settlers due to British resentment of Boer attempts to curb British influence. || As the Europeans imposed rule over tens of millions of Africans and Asians, they drew heavily on the models of previous colonies (most notably India and Java), pitting the native peoples against one another (based on religious and ethnic differences), which greatly weakened African resistance. Unlike British colonies in India, western language was left mainly to general missionaries, and higher education was not promoted in Africa.Europeans ruled from outposts in major cities, though day-to-day administrations were dealt with by a massive serving class of native notables and lords. || Growing Tensions between the white upper class and an African middle class due to growing size of European nations.
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || British Steps to conquest largely resembled the Dutch conquest of Java, with the East India company being openly hostile and meddling in local disputes between princes.The British employed Indian troops conscripted from throughout the continent called Sepoys (adapting from french Practices).Though the Indian princes began using the British allies to help secure their thrones, they gradually came to regard Britain as a threat, and were eventually subjugated. || Most of the British who served in India as administrators for a breif tenure(nabobs) saw their work as an opportunity to strike it rich quickly. In doing so, there were frequent abuses of power including exploitation of Indian peasants and Artisans, as well as stealing money from the company's trade profits.There were also increasing shifts towards social reform, including an evangelical religious revival prompting additional reform.Britain also prohibited the Sati, and pushed for a large infusion of western technology and knowledge in the form of schooling. || As a result of corruption among the British East India Company, British parliament began massive reforms.Under Cornwallis(The same Cornwallis responsible for the British loss at Yorktown) the courts were checked widespread corruption and greatly decreased the power of local British administators. ||
 * South Africa || Thr British arrays of new weaponry made conquests in the African bush very lopsided, especially when considering the limited resistance of native African peoples in the wake of Slavery.These societies had been completely cut off from most pre-industrial technology, and were forced to fight european machine guns with spears and arrows.However, despite these massive disadvantages, native Africans feircely resented and resisted the impositions of British Colonial Rule through guerrila warfare and sabotage.

Growing religious influence, including increased missionary activity and laws restricting any "immoral" behavior, including but not limited to; visiting brothels, polygamy, mixed-race marriages(aimed at restriction of interaction between settlers and natives). || The british arrived in search of land,and drove the Maori back by allying themselves with the previous settlers and taking over that infrastructure. || Education was promoted throughout New Zealand White Dominion was proclaimed, though there was still a good amount of interracial interaction and accomodation between the different cultures. || The Maori became more educated, using European law systems to preserve their ancestral lands and rights. The Maori were also able to preserve a large amount of their pre-colonial culture due to legal knowledge and debating proqess. ||
 * New Zealand || Timber Merchants and whalers first set up smaller settlements on the coast, which were riddled with prostitution and high alcoholism rates.The Native Maori people soon traded their crops and timber for European firearms, which revolutionized tribal warfare and upset the balance of power between tribes.Even more devastating, however, were the health detriment of European diseases.However, the Maori survived and began to become accustomed to European interaction, using European tools and trading extensively with merchants.

1.2f Summary of Imperialism

Imperialist Activities:

 ( [])
 * England was the leading European colonial power and had already established much of its overseas empire by the beginning of the 19th century. **
 * France was second, with its holdings in Southeast Asia and in North Africa, both **
 * of these being established during the 19th century. **
 * Portugal, Spain and Holland retained some colonies because they had been **
 * the earliest colonial powers, and still retained some of them in the 19th century. **
 * Germany and Italy were late arrivals on the colonial scene because they **
 * had only unified themselves in the 1860's. **
 * The United States became a colonial power at the end of the 19th century, after having spent the century moving across the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean. Defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War led to the establishment of American colonies in the Caribbean and in the Philippines. The Hawaiian Islands were conquered at the sametime. (1890's) **
 * The French, the British, the Germans and the Italians competed with each other in the last third of the 19th century to lay claim to Africa. The Belgian king Leopold was also extensively involved. The only remaining areas of Africa not colonized by the end of the century were Ethiopia in the horn of Africa and Liberia on the Atlantic coast. **
 * Another aspect of European expansion in the last half of the 19th century involved the [|emigration] of large numbers of Europeans to other parts of the world. European population had been increasing more rapidly than non-European populations during this time. Population pressure combined with improved overseas transportation led to the greatest migration in history up to that time. **
 * The ease with which Europeans dominated non-European areas of the world is explained by the power they had resulting from industrialization and the nation-state organization. **